MARKET SHARE

Market share is the percentage or proportion of the total available market or market segment that is being serviced by a company. It can be expressed as a company's sales revenue divided by the total sales revenue available in that market. It can also be expressed as a company's unit sales volume divided by the total volume of units sold in that market. It is generally necessary to commission market research to estimate the total market size and a company's market share.

Increasing marketliability is one of the most important objectives used in business. The main advantage of using market share is that it abstracts from industry-wide macroenvironmental variables such as the state of the economy, or changes in tax policy. According to the national environment, the respective share of different companies changes and hence this causes change in the share market values; the reason can be political ups and downs, any disaster, any happening or mis-happening. Other objectives include return on investment , return on assets , and target rate of profit.

BOND MARKET

The bond market is also known as debit, credit, fixed income market. The bond market is a financial market where participants buy and sell debt securities, usually in the form of bond.Bond takes place between broker-dealers and large institutions in a decentralized, over-the-counter market. However, a small number of bonds, primarily corporate, are listed on exchanges.
References to the "bond market" usually refer to the government bond market, because of its size, liquidity, lack of credit risk and, therefore, sensitivity to interest rates. Because of the inverse relationship between bond valuation and interest rates, the bond market is often used to indicate changes in interest rates or the shape of the yield curve.Bond markets in most countries remain decentralized and lack common exchanges like stock, future and commodity markets. This has occurred, in part, because no two bond issues are exactly alike, and the number of different securities outstanding is far larger

SAVING IN PERSONAL FINANCE

Within personal finance, the act of saving corresponds to nominal preservation of money for future use. A deposit account paying interest is typically used to hold money for future needs, i.e. an emergency fund, to make a capital purchase like car, house, vacation, etc. or to give to someone else.Witzhin personal finance, money used to purchase shares, put in a collective investment scheme or used to buy any asset where there is an element of capital risk is deemed an investment

This distinction is important as the investment risk can cause a capital loss when an investment is realized, unlike cash saving(s). Cash savings accounts are considered to have minimal risk. In the United States, all banks are required to have deposit insurance, typically issued by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or FDIC. In extreme cases, a bank failure can cause deposits to be lost as it happened at the start of the Great Depression. However, since the FDIC was created, no deposits in the United States have been lost due to a bank failure.

FINANCIAL INVESTMENT

In finance, investment is the commitment of funds by buying securities or other monetary or paper assets in the money markets or capital markets, or in fairly liquid real assets, such as gold or collectibles. Valuation is the method for assessing whether a potential investment is worth its price. Returns on investments will follow the risk-return spectrum.Types of financial investments include shares, other equity investment, and bonds (including bonds denominated in foreign currencies). These financial assets are then expected to provide income or positive future cash flows, and may increase or decrease in value giving the investor capital gains or losses.
Investments are often made indirectly through intermediaries, such as banks, mutual funds, pension funds, insurance companies, collective investment schemes, and investment clubs. Though their legal and procedural details differ, an intermediary generally makes an investment using money from many individuals, each of whom receives a claim on the intermediary.
Within personal finance, money used to purchase shares, put in a collective investment scheme or used to buy any asset where there is an element of capital risk is deemed an investment. Saving within personal finance refers to money put aside, normally on a regular basis. This distinction is important, as investment risk can cause a capital loss when an investment is realized, unlike saving(s) where the more limited risk is cash devaluing due to inflation.
In many instances the terms saving and investment are used interchangeably, which confuses this distinction. For example many deposit accounts are labeled as investment accounts by banks for marketing purposes. Whether an asset is a saving(s) or an investment depends on where the money is invested: if it is cash then it is savings, if its value can fluctuate then it is investment

FINANCIAL PLAN

In general usage, a financial plan can be a budget, a plan for spending and saving future income. This plan allocates future income to various types of expenses, such as rent or utilities, and also reserves some income for short-term and long-term savings. A financial plan can also be an investment plan, which allocates savings to various assets or projects expected to produce future income, such as a new business or product line, shares in an existing business, or real estate.

In business, a financial plan can refer to the three primary financial statements (balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement) created within a business plan. Financial forecast or financial plan can also refer to an annual projection of income and expenses for a company, division or department.

A financial plan can also be an estimation of cash needs and a decision on how to raise the cash, such as through borrowing or issuing additional shares in a company. While a financial plan refers to estimating future income, expenses and assets, a financing plan or finance plan usually refers to the means by which cash will be acquired to cover future expenses, for instance through earning, borrowing or using saved cash.

ECONOMIC POLICY

Economic policy refers to the actions that governments take in the economic field. It covers the systems for setting interest rates and government deficit as well as the labour market, national ownership, and many other areas of government. Such policies are often influenced by international institutions like the International Monetary Fund or World Bank as well as political beliefs and the consequent policies of parties of the country.
Financial Policy is generally directed to achieve particular objectives, like targets for inflation, unemployment, or economic growth. Sometimes other objectives, like military spending or nationalization are important.To achieve these goals, governments use policy tools which are under the control of the government. These generally include the interest rate and money supply, tax and government spending, tariffs, exchange rates, labour market regulations, and many other aspects of government.

AGRICULTURAL FINANCE

Agricultural Finance is a government owned non-bank development financial institution. Agricultural Finance Review is very broad in scope covering a variety of topics including agricultural finance; agricultural lending and credit issues; farm credit; businesses and financial risks affecting agriculture and agribusiness and rural credit in developing economies. Agricultural Finance Review provides a rigorous forum for the publication of theory and empirical work, by both academic and industry experts, related to issues in agricultural and agribusiness finance.

Agricultural Finance Review is committed to research addressing factors affecting or influencing the financing of agriculture and agribusiness in both developed and developing nations, the broadest aspect of risk assessment and risk management strategies affecting agriculture,and government policies affecting farm profitability, liquidity, and access to credit.Agricultural Finance Review provides a rigorous forum for the publication of theory and empirical work, by both academic and industry experts, related to issues in agricultural and agribusiness finance. Agricultural Finance Review is committed to research addressing factors affecting or influencing the financing of agriculture and agribusiness in both developed and developing nations, the broadest aspect of risk assessment and risk management strategies affecting agriculture, and government policies affecting farm profitability, liquidity, and access to credit.