MARKET SHARE

Market share is the percentage or proportion of the total available market or market segment that is being serviced by a company. It can be expressed as a company's sales revenue divided by the total sales revenue available in that market. It can also be expressed as a company's unit sales volume divided by the total volume of units sold in that market. It is generally necessary to commission market research to estimate the total market size and a company's market share.

Increasing marketliability is one of the most important objectives used in business. The main advantage of using market share is that it abstracts from industry-wide macroenvironmental variables such as the state of the economy, or changes in tax policy. According to the national environment, the respective share of different companies changes and hence this causes change in the share market values; the reason can be political ups and downs, any disaster, any happening or mis-happening. Other objectives include return on investment , return on assets , and target rate of profit.

BOND MARKET

The bond market is also known as debit, credit, fixed income market. The bond market is a financial market where participants buy and sell debt securities, usually in the form of bond.Bond takes place between broker-dealers and large institutions in a decentralized, over-the-counter market. However, a small number of bonds, primarily corporate, are listed on exchanges.
References to the "bond market" usually refer to the government bond market, because of its size, liquidity, lack of credit risk and, therefore, sensitivity to interest rates. Because of the inverse relationship between bond valuation and interest rates, the bond market is often used to indicate changes in interest rates or the shape of the yield curve.Bond markets in most countries remain decentralized and lack common exchanges like stock, future and commodity markets. This has occurred, in part, because no two bond issues are exactly alike, and the number of different securities outstanding is far larger

SAVING IN PERSONAL FINANCE

Within personal finance, the act of saving corresponds to nominal preservation of money for future use. A deposit account paying interest is typically used to hold money for future needs, i.e. an emergency fund, to make a capital purchase like car, house, vacation, etc. or to give to someone else.Witzhin personal finance, money used to purchase shares, put in a collective investment scheme or used to buy any asset where there is an element of capital risk is deemed an investment

This distinction is important as the investment risk can cause a capital loss when an investment is realized, unlike cash saving(s). Cash savings accounts are considered to have minimal risk. In the United States, all banks are required to have deposit insurance, typically issued by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or FDIC. In extreme cases, a bank failure can cause deposits to be lost as it happened at the start of the Great Depression. However, since the FDIC was created, no deposits in the United States have been lost due to a bank failure.

FINANCIAL INVESTMENT

In finance, investment is the commitment of funds by buying securities or other monetary or paper assets in the money markets or capital markets, or in fairly liquid real assets, such as gold or collectibles. Valuation is the method for assessing whether a potential investment is worth its price. Returns on investments will follow the risk-return spectrum.Types of financial investments include shares, other equity investment, and bonds (including bonds denominated in foreign currencies). These financial assets are then expected to provide income or positive future cash flows, and may increase or decrease in value giving the investor capital gains or losses.
Investments are often made indirectly through intermediaries, such as banks, mutual funds, pension funds, insurance companies, collective investment schemes, and investment clubs. Though their legal and procedural details differ, an intermediary generally makes an investment using money from many individuals, each of whom receives a claim on the intermediary.
Within personal finance, money used to purchase shares, put in a collective investment scheme or used to buy any asset where there is an element of capital risk is deemed an investment. Saving within personal finance refers to money put aside, normally on a regular basis. This distinction is important, as investment risk can cause a capital loss when an investment is realized, unlike saving(s) where the more limited risk is cash devaluing due to inflation.
In many instances the terms saving and investment are used interchangeably, which confuses this distinction. For example many deposit accounts are labeled as investment accounts by banks for marketing purposes. Whether an asset is a saving(s) or an investment depends on where the money is invested: if it is cash then it is savings, if its value can fluctuate then it is investment

FINANCIAL PLAN

In general usage, a financial plan can be a budget, a plan for spending and saving future income. This plan allocates future income to various types of expenses, such as rent or utilities, and also reserves some income for short-term and long-term savings. A financial plan can also be an investment plan, which allocates savings to various assets or projects expected to produce future income, such as a new business or product line, shares in an existing business, or real estate.

In business, a financial plan can refer to the three primary financial statements (balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement) created within a business plan. Financial forecast or financial plan can also refer to an annual projection of income and expenses for a company, division or department.

A financial plan can also be an estimation of cash needs and a decision on how to raise the cash, such as through borrowing or issuing additional shares in a company. While a financial plan refers to estimating future income, expenses and assets, a financing plan or finance plan usually refers to the means by which cash will be acquired to cover future expenses, for instance through earning, borrowing or using saved cash.

ECONOMIC POLICY

Economic policy refers to the actions that governments take in the economic field. It covers the systems for setting interest rates and government deficit as well as the labour market, national ownership, and many other areas of government. Such policies are often influenced by international institutions like the International Monetary Fund or World Bank as well as political beliefs and the consequent policies of parties of the country.
Financial Policy is generally directed to achieve particular objectives, like targets for inflation, unemployment, or economic growth. Sometimes other objectives, like military spending or nationalization are important.To achieve these goals, governments use policy tools which are under the control of the government. These generally include the interest rate and money supply, tax and government spending, tariffs, exchange rates, labour market regulations, and many other aspects of government.

AGRICULTURAL FINANCE

Agricultural Finance is a government owned non-bank development financial institution. Agricultural Finance Review is very broad in scope covering a variety of topics including agricultural finance; agricultural lending and credit issues; farm credit; businesses and financial risks affecting agriculture and agribusiness and rural credit in developing economies. Agricultural Finance Review provides a rigorous forum for the publication of theory and empirical work, by both academic and industry experts, related to issues in agricultural and agribusiness finance.

Agricultural Finance Review is committed to research addressing factors affecting or influencing the financing of agriculture and agribusiness in both developed and developing nations, the broadest aspect of risk assessment and risk management strategies affecting agriculture,and government policies affecting farm profitability, liquidity, and access to credit.Agricultural Finance Review provides a rigorous forum for the publication of theory and empirical work, by both academic and industry experts, related to issues in agricultural and agribusiness finance. Agricultural Finance Review is committed to research addressing factors affecting or influencing the financing of agriculture and agribusiness in both developed and developing nations, the broadest aspect of risk assessment and risk management strategies affecting agriculture, and government policies affecting farm profitability, liquidity, and access to credit.

MARKETING FINANCE

All activities a company conducts in order to acquire and retain customers or clients. It may also refer to a large, expensive campaign to encourage as many people as possible to buy a certain product . Marketing techniques in the latter instance include buying advertisements in the media, receiving endorsements from well-known experts and/or personalities, and generally aggressively pushing the product onto the target audience.With finance the market cannot run and there is needed of finance to run the market.

There are diffirient types of market finance such as agriculture, industry , trade e.t.c.In Competing for Customers and Capital , Cook lays out a new conceptual framework for understanding the role marketing plays in contributing to the bottom-line value of a product and a business. Cook puts forward concrete financial metrics that directly tie product markets and capital markets to revenue and shareholder value. These are new foundational concepts in business and marketing management that any marketing or general business executive must understand the fdinance marketing.

FINANCIAL ECONIMICS

Finance is corncern about the fund. Financial economics is the branch of economics concerned with "the allocation and deployment of economic resources, both spatially and across time, in an uncertain environment". It is additionally characterised by its "concentration on monetary activities", in which "money of one type or another is likely to appear on both sides of a trade".It is additionally characterised by its "concentration on monetary activities", in which "money of one type or another is likely to appear on both sides of a trade".

Financial economics is the branch of economics studying the interrelation of financial variables, such as prices, interest rates and shares, as opposed to those concerning the real economy. Financial economics concentrates on influences of real economic variables on financial ones, in contrast to pure finance.Financial economics is the branch of economics studying the interrelation of financial variables, such as prices, interest rates and shares, as opposed to those concerning the real economy. Financial economics concentrates on influences of real economic variables on financial ones, in contrast to pure finance.

NATIONAL INCOME

National income refers to the total value of goods and services produced in the economy over a certain period of time. When the value of goods and services are measured in monetary value then we get national income. The total goods an services are known as national product. The national income is measured in a year. While calculating the national income the value of goods and services are measured in same monetary value of unit.

The national income can be expressed in the form of wage, intrest, profit and rent because goods and services are produced bylabour,capital,enterpreneurand land. If these factors of production are increased then the national income is also incresaed. National income is infiuenced by internal and external forces. Internal forces means those factors available in the country.External forces are related to international trede.

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

The term financial management consist of two words financial and management, the term financial means deal with the money. So financial management means the management of the matter that deal with the money is known as financial managment.Financial management entails planning for the future of a person or a business enterprise to ensure a positive cash flow. It includes the administration and maintenance of financial assets. Besides, financial management covers the process of identifying and managing risks.

The financial management deals with assets of the organization and the expenditure. So the term financial management is very important in today business. Without the financial management the assets cannot be handled so for handling of assets financial management is necessary. The necessary of the financial management is common in every field. The primary usage of this term is in the world of financing business activities. However, financial management is important at all levels of human existence because every entity needs to look after its finances.

IMPORTANT O F INSURANCE IN FINANCE MARKET

Generally finance means managment of money. In the big organization having financial capital huge, the hu ge capital may be in risks. Insurance can be defined as cooperataive device to spread the loss caused by a particular risk over a number of person who are exposed to it and who agree insure themselves against that risks. This risks ,loss,damage,and incidents may be created incidentally with the cause of nature ,divine and human activities, due to this reason human being may suffer financial crisis. Against such risks a human have devised insurance as a finincial security.

The insurance is the principle against the risk which means the financial loss. The u ncertanity of loss is called risk. The insurance business is multidimension business because it gives benefit directly or indirectly to the organ of society. So far the financial lossis recovered by insurance. there are different kinds of insurance such as life insurance,marine insurance,fire insurance e.t.c.

FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

Financial analysis is the process of identifying the financial strengths and weakness of firms by proprly establishing relationship between the items of balance sheet and profit and loss account. Financial analysis can be undertaken by managment of firms or by parties outside the firms or by parties outside the firms , owner, creditors, investor and others.

The financial analysis helps to know the liquidity of organization.

The liquidity of organizationis known by seeing the profitability. The investors who have invested their amount in the firms share are most concerned with the earning of firms.They are also intrested infinancial position to extent it influencesthe firms earning ability.through financial analysis they try to find out position of organization,efficiency of assects , investors position e.t.c.

FINANCE MINISTER OF NEPAL

A minister of finance (also called financial affairs, the treasury, the economy, or economic affairs) has many different jobs in a government. He or she helps form the government budget, stimulate the economy, and control finances. Finance ministers are often found in state or provincial governments if that country has a form of federalism.The powers of a finance minister vary between governments. Sometimes the finance minister is the most powerful cabinet post, like in Canada or New Zea land. Other times they are unpopular posts if they must raise taxes or cut spending.

In the United States, the finance minister is called the Secretary of the Treasury, though there is a separate Treasurer of the United States, and it is the director of the Office of Management and Budget who drafts the budget. In the United Kingdom, the finance minister is called the Chancellor of the Exchequer. In HongKong it is called the Financial Secretary, though there is a Secretary for the Treasury subordinate to him. In Australia, the Treasurer is responsible for economic matters and is assisted by the Minister for Finance and Deregulation (formerly Finance and Administration) who heads a separate department.

INDIVIDUAL FINANCE

Just like a company, we all need money. We need money to live for food, clothing, shelter and we probably want money for a great number of things like concert tickets, cars, computers, etc. Thus we need to get money. Finance helps us to have the money when we need it and even when we want it. We need to efficiently manage our resources and know what risks are worth taking.

Further we need to know how to invest and how to raise money. Even if you never plan on owning your own business, Finance is still important to you. Finance teaches us to understand the other side of every transaction. If you understand what your employer wants, it is easier to achieve this and hence you are in a better position for raises and promotions.

IMPORTANCE OF FINANCE IN ECONOMY

Finance is merely the practical application of economics. The Financial System is the means by which an economy allocates money to its highest valued use. Finance is businesses, and governments raise the cash needed to do business. The goal of any financial system is to make sure that those with good ideas get the money necessary to implement the ideas.

In a market-based economy, investors invest in a f irm and the firm takes the investment and uses it to implement the business ideas. People do not give money without the expectation of getting something in return. Incase if money is given, something is expected back in return. In this case more money. In competition for more money, firms will strive to find better investments. This leads to economic growth, more jobs, and hopefully a higher standard of living.

FINANCE SYSTEM

Finance generally deals about the money. In Nepal for controlling the finance system separate minister is created known as finance minister of Nepal. This ministry controls the income and the expenditure of the government which is known as the budget system. The finance minister makes the budget dealing about the income and what amount of money should be spent in various sectors such as education, transportation, food and others.
The finance system of Nepal is very poor because the budget is made more than the income of the country a some percent is accepted from the foreign don ar and foreign country. The budget is made at the at the end of the fiscal year showing all the work progress and the total expenditure and the remaining amount. Due change in government the work estimated work is incomplete and the amount is wasted and corrupted. So the finance system is very poor and needs to improve by the government.

FINANCE INSTITUTION

Finincial institution is not a bank, taking loan from certain institution,accepts deposit and invests in hire purchase. All finincial institution create the finincial property. Finincial institution exit in all economic system which cause the loan to be taken and given , acts as intermediary between the saver and investor. Insurance company,bank,industrial development corporation , provident fund , pension fund e.t.c are some examples of financial institution.

The activities of the finincial instititions have more important role in economiccond ition like nepal. It is difficult to imagine the development of any country without the development of financial institution. The institution are inspired with the objective of gaining profit.Finance companies are established with the objective of collection th capital scattered in the country with the medium of non-banking activities. In Nepal , there are so many others financiaeconomic development of the country.l institution operating with the objective of gaining profit and promoting

FINANCE COMPANY

A finance company is a kind of financial institution. It provide loan to big investor. Finance company acts as a mediator between saver and the investor in one hand and between the big financial institution and debtor in other hand. Finance company collects the fund and keep in deposit and gives loan to the investor. It provide loan against the security.

Finance companies provide hire purchase loan, they provide the capital wise good in installment loan like motor , car, motor cycle, TV and others durable usable assets and goods. The finance companies take loan from the big financial institution. Generally, the finance company gives high rate of interest rate in deposit and provides different facilities and gifts like insurance policy. The small saver or investor deposits the amount in finance companies.

NEPAL POOR FINANCE

Nepal is among the poor and the least developed countries in the world. It has nearly half of its population living below the poverty line.Agriculture is the most important in the economy, providing a livelihood for over 80% of total population. Industrial activity mainly involves the processing of agricultural.Nepal is landlocked geographic location, and its susceptibility to natural disaster.

The government has been moving forward with economic reforms, particularly those that encourage trade and foreign investment by reducing business licenses and registration requirements . The government has also been reducing subsidies, privatizing state industries, and laying off civil servants to cut expenditures. However, recently political instability has hampered governments' ability to forge consensus to implement important economic reforms such as jute, sugarcane, tobbaco, grain e.t.c

FINANCE ACCOUNTING

There is a great important of finance in accounting. The account deals with he various receipt and payment of money. Receipt of money is related to inflow of the money which is recorded in the debit side of the accounting and payment of the money is related to out flow of the money so it is recorded in the credit side of accounting. Accounting is used in all kinds of the organization which deals with the finance i.e. records receipts and payment.

For the management students accounting finance is the most important subject matter that deals with the management of finance. Finance in the accounting plays a vital role for the development of the organization. So finance in accounting is very important for calculating the actual inflow and outflow of money.

FINANCE

The term finance in general term we understand about is it deals with the money. It is used in our everyday life, in organization and so on. In our daily life it deals with the money. In general we say that the financial situation of his or her is weak or strong. In organization deals with the receiving and giving of the money generally term as finance. The organization stability depends upon the financial situation. So finance deals with the money matter. We deals with the various accounts for finance in the organization known as financial accounting. The term that deals with the management of the finance is known as financial management .It is the wide subject matter covering the large area. The economic condition of the country depends upon the finance of the country.

Finance in the banking and insurance are the most known subject matter related to finance. The country without finance is impossible because the economic condition of the people as well as country depends upon the finance. The national income and per capita income is also deals with the finance of the country. So it is broad subject matter related with the financial matter. Financial condition depends upon the inflow and out flow of the money. If there is high inflow and less outflow of money then financial condition is strong and vice versa.

BANKING FINANCE

Bank is financial institution which deals with the accepting of the depositing from the people and granting loan to needy person against the security. Bank helps in the finance system of the economy. The banks give interest on the deposit and provide loan and takes interest which helps to balance the finance system. Banking finance is the widely used term that deals with the transaction of money.

Bank also provide loan to needy for hire and purchase of different machines and equipment such as car, taxi,motorbike,washing machine and others with the collection of the deposit. In Nepal banking system helps to uplift the standard of life of the poor people by providing loan. Banking helps to collect the deposit and grant the loan. So bank is the most important institution involve in finance of the country. In finance, the financial system is the system that allows the transfer of money between savers and borrowers. It comprises a set of complex and closely interconnected financial institutions, markets, instruments, services, practices, and transactions. Financial systems are crucial to the allocation of resources in a modern economy. They channel household savings to the corporate sector and allocate investment funds among firms; they allow inter temporal smoothing of consumption by households and expenditures by firms; and they enable households and firms to share risks.